Defendants' Renewed Motion for Summary Judgement in Gratz

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

CASES

Adams v. Metiva,

31 F.3d 375 (6th Cir. 1994)
23

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena,

515 U.S. 200 (1995)
33

Agostini v. Felton,

521 U.S. 203 (1997)
33

Anderson v. Creighton,

483 U.S. 635 (1987)
24

Behrens v. Pelletier,

516 U.S. 299 (1996)
21, 22

Blake v. Wright,

179 F.3d 1003 (6th Cir. 1999)
23

Bloch v. Ribar,

156 F.3d 673 (6th Cir. 1998)
23

Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth,

120 S. Ct. 1346 (2000)
20, 28

Brewer v. West Irondequoit Central School District,

212 F.3d 738 (2d Cir. 2000)
33

Brown v. Board of Education,

347 U.S. 483 (1954)
5

Cameron v. Seitz,

38 F.3d 264 (6th Cir. 1994)
20

Conn v. Gabbert,

526 U.S. 286 (1999)
23

Crawford-El v. Britton,
523 U.S. 574 (1998)
22, 23

Davis v. Halpern,

768 F. Supp. 968 (E.D.N.Y. 1991)
32

Dickerson v. McClellan,

101 F.3d 1151 (6th Cir. 1996)
passim

Eisenberg v. Montgomery County Public Schools.,

197 F.3d 123 (4th Cir. 1999)
32

Estate of Dietrich v. Burrows,

167 F.3d 1007 (6th Cir. 1999)
24

Gardenhire v. Schubert,

205 F.3d 303 (6th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 980 (2000)
21, 23

Harlow v Fitzgerald,

457 U.S. 800 (1982)
1, 21, 34, 37

Healy v. James,

408 U.S. 169 (1972)
20

Hohn v. United States,

524 U.S. 236 (1998)
33

Hopwood v. Texas,

78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996)
2, 25, 33

Hunter v. Bryant,

502 U.S. 224 (1991)
1, 22

Jacobson v. Cincinnati Board Of Education,

961 F.2d 100 (6th Cir. 1992)
32

Johnson v. Estate of Laccheo,

935 F.2d 109 (6th Cir. 1991)
23

Johnson v. Transportation Agency,

480 U.S. 616 (1987)
31

Keyishian v. Board of Regents,

385 U.S. 589 (1967)
19, 28

Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod v. FCC,

141 F.3d 344 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
25

Marks v. United States,

430 U.S. 188 (1977)
27, 33

Marsh v. Arn,

937 F.2d 1056 (6th Cir. 1991)
26

Mitchell v. Forsyth,

472 U.S. 511 (1985)
21, 22

Mumford v. Zieba,

4 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 1993)
24

Ohio Civil Service Employees Association v. Seiter,

858 F.2d 1171, 1177 (6th Cir. 1988)
26

Oliver v. Kalamazoo Board of Education,

706 F.2d 757 (6th Cir. 1983)
32

Reese v. City of Columbus,

71 F.3d 619 (6th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 386 (1996)
28

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke,

438 U.S. 265 (1978)
passim

Regents of the University of Michigan v. Ewing,

474 U.S. 214 (1985)
20, 28

Rodriguez De Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.,

490 U.S. 477 (1989)
34

Scott v. Clay County, Tennessee,

205 F.3d 867 (6th Cir. 2000)
21

Siegert v. Gilley,

500 U.S. 226 (1991)
22

Smith v. University of Washington Law School,

2 F. Supp. 2d 1324, 1334 (W.D. Wash. 1998)
32

Smith v. University of Washington Law School,

No. C97-335Z (W.D. Wash. Feb. 12, 1999)
27, 33

State Oil Company v. Khan,

522 U.S. 3 (1997)
33

Sweezy v. New Hampshire,
354 U.S. 234 (1957)
20, 28

Triplett Grille, Inc. v. City of Akron,

40 F.3d 129 (6th Cir. 1994)
28

Tuttle v. Arlington County School Board,

195 F.3d 698 (4th Cir. 1999);
32

University & Community College System v. Farmer,

930 P.2d 730 (Nev. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1004 (1998)
32

Wessman v. Gittens,

160 F.3d 790 (1st Cir. 1998)
32

Wilson v. Layne,

526 U.S. 603 (1999).
23, 24

Winkes v. Brown University,

747 F.2d 792 (1st Cir. 1984)
32

Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education,

476 U.S. 267 (1986)
31

CONSTITUTION

Michigan Const. Art. 8, § 4 (1963) 3

STATUTES

42 U.S.C. § 1981 23

42 U.S.C. § 1983 23

42 U.S.C. § 2000c-6(a)(2) 30

42 U.S.C. § 2000d 30

ARTICLES

Akhil Reed Amar and Neal Katyal, Bakke’s Fate, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 1745, (1996) 31

Lee Bollinger and Nancy Cantor, The Educational Importance of Race, Washington Post, Apr. 28, 1998, at A17 4, 5

Gerald R. Ford, Inclusive America Under Attack, New York Times Op-Ed, Aug. 8, 1999 29

Ruth Bader Ginsburg, A Considered Opinion: Affirmative Action as an International Human Rights Dialogue, 27 Human Rights 3 (2000) 31

Nat Hentoff, A Challenge to Bill Lann Lee, The Village Voice, Jan. 13, 1998 at 24 21

Deborah C. Malamud, Affirmative Action, Diversity and the Black Middle Class, 68 U. Colo. L. Rev. 939 (1997) 26, 31

William G. Milliken, Don’t Let U-M’s Racial Bridge Be Closed Off, Detroit Free Press, Local Comment, Jan. 6, 2000 29

Kevin Sack and Janet Elder, Poll Finds Optimistic Outlook But Enduring Racial Division, New York Times, July 11, 2000 6

Jacques Steinberg, College Gatekeepers Read Between The Lines, New York Times, April 3, 2000 11

Cass R. Sunstein, Foreword: Leaving Things Undecided, 110 Harv. L. Rev. 4 (1996) 26

Kate Zernike, Campus Affirmative Action Embattled Handbooks Encourage Student Suits, Boston Globe, Jan. 27, 1999, at A4 21

MISCELLANEOUS

59 Federal Register 8756 (1994) 30

Memorandum Table of Contents | Gratz briefs – Table of Contents

Adams v. Metiva, 31 F.3d 375 (6th Cir. 1994)	23
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995)	33
Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997)	33
Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635 (1987)	24
Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299 (1996)	21, 22
Blake v. Wright, 179 F.3d 1003 (6th Cir. 1999)	23
Bloch v. Ribar, 156 F.3d 673 (6th Cir. 1998)	23
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth, 120 S. Ct. 1346 (2000)	20, 28
Brewer v. West Irondequoit Central School District, 212 F.3d 738 (2d Cir. 2000)	33
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)	5
Cameron v. Seitz, 38 F.3d 264 (6th Cir. 1994)	20
Conn v. Gabbert, 526 U.S. 286 (1999)	23
Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574 (1998)	22, 23
Davis v. Halpern, 768 F. Supp. 968 (E.D.N.Y. 1991)	32
Dickerson v. McClellan, 101 F.3d 1151 (6th Cir. 1996)	passim
Eisenberg v. Montgomery County Public Schools., 197 F.3d 123 (4th Cir. 1999)	32
Estate of Dietrich v. Burrows, 167 F.3d 1007 (6th Cir. 1999)	24
Gardenhire v. Schubert, 205 F.3d 303 (6th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 980 (2000)	21, 23
Harlow v Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982)	1, 21, 34, 37
Healy v. James, 408 U.S. 169 (1972)	20
Hohn v. United States, 524 U.S. 236 (1998)	33
Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996)	2, 25, 33
Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224 (1991)	1, 22
Jacobson v. Cincinnati Board Of Education, 961 F.2d 100 (6th Cir. 1992)	32
Johnson v. Estate of Laccheo, 935 F.2d 109 (6th Cir. 1991)	23
Johnson v. Transportation Agency, 480 U.S. 616 (1987)	31
Keyishian v. Board of Regents, 385 U.S. 589 (1967)	19, 28
Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod v. FCC, 141 F.3d 344 (D.C. Cir. 1998)	25
Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188 (1977)	27, 33
Marsh v. Arn, 937 F.2d 1056 (6th Cir. 1991)	26
Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985)	21, 22
Mumford v. Zieba, 4 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 1993)	24
Ohio Civil Service Employees Association v. Seiter, 858 F.2d 1171, 1177 (6th Cir. 1988)	26
Oliver v. Kalamazoo Board of Education, 706 F.2d 757 (6th Cir. 1983)	32
Reese v. City of Columbus, 71 F.3d 619 (6th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 386 (1996)	28
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978)	passim
Regents of the University of Michigan v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214 (1985)	20, 28
Rodriguez De Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc., 490 U.S. 477 (1989)	34
Scott v. Clay County, Tennessee, 205 F.3d 867 (6th Cir. 2000)	21
Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226 (1991)	22
Smith v. University of Washington Law School, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1324, 1334 (W.D. Wash. 1998)	32
Smith v. University of Washington Law School, No. C97-335Z (W.D. Wash. Feb. 12, 1999)	27, 33
State Oil Company v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3 (1997)	33
Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957)	20, 28
Triplett Grille, Inc. v. City of Akron, 40 F.3d 129 (6th Cir. 1994)	28
Tuttle v. Arlington County School Board, 195 F.3d 698 (4th Cir. 1999);	32
University & Community College System v. Farmer, 930 P.2d 730 (Nev. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1004 (1998)	32
Wessman v. Gittens, 160 F.3d 790 (1st Cir. 1998)	32
Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603 (1999).	23, 24
Winkes v. Brown University, 747 F.2d 792 (1st Cir. 1984)	32
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986)	31
CONSTITUTION
Michigan Const. Art. 8, § 4 (1963)	3
STATUTES
42 U.S.C. § 1981	23
42 U.S.C. § 1983	23
42 U.S.C. § 2000c-6(a)(2)	30
42 U.S.C. § 2000d	30
ARTICLES
Akhil Reed Amar and Neal Katyal, Bakke’s Fate, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 1745, (1996)	31
Lee Bollinger and Nancy Cantor, The Educational Importance of Race, Washington Post, Apr. 28, 1998, at A17	4, 5
Gerald R. Ford, Inclusive America Under Attack, New York Times Op-Ed, Aug. 8, 1999	29
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, A Considered Opinion: Affirmative Action as an International Human Rights Dialogue, 27 Human Rights 3 (2000)	31
Nat Hentoff, A Challenge to Bill Lann Lee, The Village Voice, Jan. 13, 1998 at 24	21
Deborah C. Malamud, Affirmative Action, Diversity and the Black Middle Class, 68 U. Colo. L. Rev. 939 (1997)	26, 31
William G. Milliken, Don’t Let U-M’s Racial Bridge Be Closed Off, Detroit Free Press, Local Comment, Jan. 6, 2000	29
Kevin Sack and Janet Elder, Poll Finds Optimistic Outlook But Enduring Racial Division, New York Times, July 11, 2000	6
Jacques Steinberg, College Gatekeepers Read Between The Lines, New York Times, April 3, 2000	11
Cass R. Sunstein, Foreword: Leaving Things Undecided, 110 Harv. L. Rev. 4 (1996)	26
Kate Zernike, Campus Affirmative Action Embattled Handbooks Encourage Student Suits, Boston Globe, Jan. 27, 1999, at A4	21
MISCELLANEOUS
59 Federal Register 8756 (1994)	30