EXPERT REPORT OF PATRICIA GURIN
Gratz, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., No. 97-75321 (E.D. Mich.)
Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., No. 97-75928 (E.D. Mich.)

Table C3
Democracy outcomes from the CIRP study among White students
  Informal interaction diversity
  Classrom
diversity		 Workshop Discussion Socializing Close college
friends were
diverse
Four-year democracy outcomes:
Citizenship engagement
Influencing the political structure blue square blue square blue square blue square  
Influencing Social values blue square blue square blue square blue square  
Helping others in difficulty blue square blue square blue square blue square  
Being involved in programs to clean up the environment blue square blue square blue square blue square  
Create artistic works (painting, sculpture, decorating, etc.) blue square blue square blue square blue square  
Participating in community action program blue square blue square blue square blue square  
Four-year democracy outcomes:
Racial/cultural engagement
Promoting racial understanding blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Cultural awareness and appreciation blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Academic ability blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Informal interaction diversity
  Classrom
diversity		 Workshop Discussion Socializing Close college
friends were
diverse
Nine-year democracy outcomes:
Citizenship engagement
Hours/week spent in volunteer work/community service blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Number of community service activities participated in blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Community service reason: To give me a chance to work with people different than me blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Community service reason: To improve society as a whole blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Community service reason: To improve my community blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Community service reason: To fulfill my social responsibility blue square blue square blue square    
Influencing the political structure blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Influencing social values blue square blue square blue square blue square  
Helping others in difficulty blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Being involved in programs to clean up the environment blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Participating in a community action program blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Nine-year democracy outcomes:
Racial/cultural engagement
Promoting racial understanding blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Cultural awareness and appreciation blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Acceptance of persons from different races/cultures blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Notes: All outcome meaures reflect student growth since entering college. Details on the specific measurement approach used are found in Appendix C. Positive effects indicated by square; negative effects indicated by diamond. Nonsignificant effects (p > .05) not shown. "Classroom Diversity" was measured by the students' enrollment in an ethnic studies course in college. "Workshop" refers to attendance at a racial/cultural awareness workshop in college. "Discussion" and "Socializing" were measured by the frequency with which the student "discussed racial/ethnic issues" and "socialized with someone of another racial/ethnic group" during college.

Empirical Results Section   |   "Gurin" Table of Contents