EXPERT REPORT OF PATRICIA GURIN
Gratz, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., No. 97-75321 (E.D. Mich.)
Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., No. 97-75928 (E.D. Mich.)

Table C4
Democracy outcomes from the CIRP study among African-American and Latino students
 

African Americans      

   Informal interaction diversity   

Latinos      

   Informal interaction diversity   

  Classrom
diversity		 Workshop Discussion Socializing Same race:
Close college
friends		 Classrom
diversity		 Workshop Discussion Socializing Same race:
Close college
friends
Four-year democracy outcomes:
Citizenship engagement
Influencing the political structure   blue square blue square         blue square    
Influencing social values   blue square blue square              
Helping others in dificulty   blue square blue square   blue square blue square        
Being involved in programs to clean up the environment                    
Participating in a community action program     blue square       blue square blue square blue square  
Four-year democracy outcomes:
Racial/cultural engagement
Promoting racial understanding blue square   blue square   blue square blue square   blue square blue square  
Cultural awareness and appreciation blue square   blue square   blue square     blue square    
Acceptance of persons from different races/cultures       blue square       blue square    
 

African Americans      

   Informal interaction diversity   

Latinos      

   Informal interaction diversity   

  Classrom
diversity		 Workshop Discussion Socializing Same race:
Close college
friends		 Classrom
diversity		 Workshop Discussion Socializing Same race:
Close college
friends
Nine-year democracy outcomes:
Citizen engagement
Hours/week spent in volunteer work/community service               blue square    
Number of community service activities participated in   blue square     blue square          
Community service reason: To give me a chance to work with people different from me                    
Community service reason: To improve society as a whole             blue square      
Community service reason: To improve my community   blue square     blue square       blue square blue square
Community service reason: To fulfil my social responsibility   blue square blue square             blue square
Influencing the political structure               blue square    
Influencing social values                    
Helping others in difficulty blue square blue square     blue square blue square        
Being involved in programs to clean up the environment             blue square      
Participating in a community action program   blue square blue square   blue square blue square        
 

African Americans      

   Informal interaction diversity   

Latinos      

   Informal interaction diversity   

  Classrom
diversity		 Workshop Discussion Socializing Same race:
Close college
friends		 Classrom
diversity		 Workshop Discussion Socializing Same race:
Close college
friends
Nine-year democracy outcomes:
Racial/cultural engagement
Promoting racial understanding               blue square    
Cultural awareness and appreciation blue square blue square       blue square        
Acceptance of persons from different races/cultures           blue square blue square      
Notes: All outcome meaures reflect student growth since entering college. Details on the specific measurement approach used are found in Appendix C. Positive effects indicated by square; negative effects indicated by diamond. Nonsignificant effects (p > .10) not shown. "Classroom Diversity" was measured by the students’ enrollment in an ethnic studies course in college. "Workshop" refers to attendance at a racial/cultural awareness workshop in college. "Discussion" and "Socializing" were measured by the frequency with which the student "discussed racial/ethnic issues" and "socialized with someone of another racial/ethnic group" during college.

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