EXPERT REPORT OF PATRICIA GURIN
Gratz, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., No. 97-75321 (E.D. Mich.)
Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., No. 97-75928 (E.D. Mich.)

Table M3
Democracy outcomes from the Michigan Student Study: White students
  Informal interaction diversity Classroom &
informal interaction
combined
Student outcomes Classrom
diversity		 Personal
interactions		 Negative
interactions		 Amount of
interaction
w/SOC		 Amount of
interaction
w/Whites		 Diversity
of 6 best
friends		 Participation
with
other groups		 Dialogue
groups		 Number of
multicultural
events
Compatibility of differences
Increased sense of commonality                  
African Americans     blue diamond blue square blue square       blue square
Asian Americans   blue square blue diamond blue square   blue square blue square   blue square
Latinos     blue diamond blue square         blue square
Learned differences not inevitably devisive blue square       blue square blue square     blue square
Citizenship engagement
Perspective-taking blue square blue square blue diamond blue square       blue square blue square
Racial/cultural engagement
Learned about other groups blue square blue square   blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square blue square
Notes: All outcome measures reflect student growth since entering college. Details on the specific measurement approach used are found in Appendix C. Positive effects indicated by square; negative effects indicated by diamond. Nonsignificant effects (p > .05) not shown. "Classroom Diversity" was measured by the extent to which students said they had been exposed to and affected by diversity issues in the classroom. Intimate interactions were measured by the extent to which interactions with other racial/ethnic groups involved "honest discussions about race", and "sharing of personal feelings and problems". Negative interactions were measured by the extent to which these interactions were "guarded" and "hostile". "Amount of interaction with Whites" (AfAm) and "Amount of interaction with Students of Color" (SOC) refer to the extent to which white students had general relationships on campus. "Participation with Other Groups" was measured by involvement in activities on campus involving other racial/ethnic groups. "Dialogue Groups" refers to participation in a program of intergroup dialogue and conflict resolution at the University of Michigan. "Number of Multicultural Events" refers to participation in such campus-wide events as Black History Month, Hispanic Heritage Celebration, Native American POW POW, etc. for a total of five different events.

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